Nice old optical technique

Traditional black and white photography uses chemicals that are sensitive to light, particularly silver halides. As they are sensitive to a broad range of wavelengths covering the visible, they will react under any light, and so cannot distinguish between them. Colour photos (not digital photos) work by having different layers that are sensitive to different wavelengths, red green and blue, and so each reacts to different parts of the spectrum and the image can be reconstructed. Early colour photography however had to use a different technique, as such sentitive dyes were not available until 1907 and did not become common until the 20s and 30s. There are famous examples of colour photos before this however, such as Sergei Mikhailovich Produkin-Gorskii's amazing photos of the Russian Empire taken between 1909 and 1912. His technique took three photos in relatively quick succession, passing each one through a red, green or blue filter, and the three pictures were later recombined to make these images. You can see the time lapse in a few of them, for example the rippling of the waves in picture 14, movement in the doorway, to the left of the door and (my favourite)  the man on the right scratching his nose in 19. These are great pictures which were quite technically difficult to achieve at the time

http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/08/russia_in_color_a_century_ago.html

Optics and Life: Strange Sight - The world in Ultra Violet

We are all familiar with rainbows, showing us the full spectrum of colour that we can see- red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indogo and violet, but the electromagnetic spectrum continues beyond both sides of the rainbow. Red is the longer wavelength (around 600nm), and longer we have infra-red (which is pretty much responsible for the radiated heat you feel from a fire or the Sun), microwaves and the longest - radio waves. Beyond violet we have ultra violet (UV), x-rays and gamma rays.

As you can see, the actual bit of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see is very narrow. What would it be like if we could see beyond our limited range?

Well as a matter of fact, many organisms can. Indeed it is often an essential part of their lives. Pollinating insects such as bees can see into the Ultra Violet, and it is for visibility to bees that flowers have co-evolved their colours (along with the insects ability to discern them). But you might ask - if bees can see into the UV, then what do flowers look like to them? Well often they are very different indeed, here are a few examples:

This is the common dandlion - on the left is the normal visible light image, and on the right is the UV image. This is colour shifted so we can see it, but nevertheless shows us that there is a strong two tone image, with the bright part in the middle of the flower, telling the bees where the nectar is.

This one is an evening primrose. Again yellow to us, but the insects can see lines, almost like landing strips on the runway, pointing to the pollen and nectar in the center.

UV photography does require special equipment. Firstly, you need to be able to cut out the visible light using filters, and then you need detectors that are capable of imaging the UV light, and you also need lenses that can focus the light. More information can be found here:

http://photographyoftheinvisibleworld.blogspot.com/

Other organisms can see into the Infra-red. This is particularly useful, because water does not absorb infra red light so easily as other wavelengths, and so the fish can see further.

Some can even see different polarizations of light - again many bees and insects. This is particularly useful, as it allows them to see what direction they are going in, and possibly even see predators underwater.